Why You Should Avoid These Racial Terms

Why You Should Avoid These Racial Terms Ever wonder which term is the appropriate one to use when describing a member of an ethnic minority group? How do you know if you should refer to someone as â€Å"black,† â€Å"African American,† â€Å"Afro American† or something else entirely? Better yet, how should you proceed when members of the same ethnic group have different preferences for what they’d like to be called? Say you have three Mexican  American friends. One wants to be called â€Å"Latino,† the other wants to be called â€Å"Hispanic,† and another wants to be called â€Å"Chicano.† While some racial terms remain up for debate, others are considered outdated, derogatory or both. Find out which racial names to avoid when describing people from a variety of ethnic backgrounds. Why â€Å"Oriental† Is a No-No What’s the problem with using the term â€Å"Oriental† to describe individuals of Asian descent? Common complaints about the term include that it should be reserved for objects, such as rugs, and not people and that it’s antiquated- akin to using â€Å"Negro† to describe an African American. Howard University Law Professor Frank H. Wu made the comparison in a 2009 New York Times piece about the state of New York banning the use of â€Å"Oriental† on government forms and documents. Washington State passed a similar ban in 2002. â€Å"It’s associated with a time period when Asians had a subordinate status,† Professor Wu told the Times. He added that people link the term to old stereotypes of Asians and the era when the United States government passed exclusion acts to keep Asian people from entering the country. Given this, â€Å"For many Asian Americans, it’s not just this term: It’s about much more†¦It’s about your legitimacy to be here,† Wu said. In the same piece, historian Mae M. Ngai, author of Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America, explained that, while the term â€Å"Oriental† isn’t a slur, it’s never been widely used by people of Asian descent to describe themselves. â€Å"I think it’s fallen into disfavor because it’s what other people call us. It’s only the East if you’re from somewhere else,† Ngai said, referring to â€Å"Oriental’s† meaning- â€Å"Eastern.† â€Å"It’s a Eurocentric name for us, which is why it’s wrong. You should call people by what (they) call themselves, not how they are situated in relation to yourself.† Due to the history of the term and the era it evokes, it’s best to follow the leads of New York State and Washington State and delete the word â€Å"Oriental† from your lexicon when describing people. When in doubt, use the term Asian or Asian American. However, if you are privy to someone’s specific ethnic background, refer to them as Korean, Japanese American, Chinese Canadian and so forth. â€Å"Indian† Is Confusing and Problematic While the term â€Å"Oriental† is almost universally frowned upon by Asians, the same isn’t true of the term â€Å"Indian† when used to describe Native Americans. Award-winning writer Sherman Alexie, who is of Spokane and Coeur d’Alene ancestry, has no objection to the term. â€Å"Just think of Native American as the formal version and Indian as the casual one,† he told a Sadie Magazine interviewer who asked the best term to use when referring to America’s indigenous peoples. Not only does Alexie approve of the term â€Å"Indian,† he also remarked that â€Å"the only person who’s going to judge you for saying ‘Indian’ is a non-Indian.† While many Native Americans do refer to each other as â€Å"Indians,† some object to the term because it is associated with explorer Christopher Columbus, who mistook the Caribbean islands for those of the Indian Ocean, which were known as the Indies. As a result of the error, people indigenous to the Americas overall were dubbed â€Å"Indians.† Also problematic is that many hold Columbus’ arrival into the New World responsible for initiating the subjugation and decimation of Native Americans, so they don’t want to be known by a term that he’s credited with popularizing. It’s worth noting, though, that the term â€Å"Indian† is far less controversial than the term â€Å"Oriental.† Not only haven’t states banned the term, there’s also a government agency known as the Bureau of Indian Affairs, not to mention the National Museum of the American Indian. On that note, the term â€Å"American Indian† is more acceptable than simply â€Å"Indian† because, in part, it is less confusing. When someone refers to â€Å"American Indians,† everyone knows the people in question don’t hail from Asia but from the Americas. If you’re concerned about the kind of reception you’ll receive by using the term â€Å"Indian,† consider saying â€Å"indigenous peoples,† â€Å"native peoples† or â€Å"First Nations† peoples instead. But the wisest thing to do is to refer to people by their specific ancestry. So, if you know a particular person is Choctaw, Navajo, Lumbee, etc., call him that rather than using umbrella terms such as â€Å"American Indian† or â€Å"Native American.† Spanish Is Not the Catch-All Term for Spanish-Speaking Peoples Ever heard a person referred to as â€Å"Spanish† who isn’t from Spain but simply speaks Spanish and has Latin American roots? In some parts of the country, particularly cities in the Midwest and on the  East Coast, it’s commonplace to refer to any such person as â€Å"Spanish.† Sure, the term doesn’t carry the baggage that terms such as â€Å"Oriental† or â€Å"Indian† do, but it’s factually inaccurate. Also,  like the other terms  covered, it lumps diverse groups of people together under an umbrella category. In actuality, the term â€Å"Spanish† is quite specific. It refers to people from Spain. But over the years, the term has been used interchangeably with the various peoples from  Latin America  that the Spanish colonized. Due to intermixing, many of the colonized peoples from Latin America do have Spanish ancestry, but that’s only a part of their racial makeup. Many also have indigenous ancestors and, due to the slave trade, African ancestry as well. To call people from Panama, Ecuador, El Salvador, Cuba and so on as â€Å"Spanish† is to erase large swathes of their racial backgrounds. The term essentially designates people who are multicultural as one thing- European. It makes about as much sense to refer to all Spanish-speakers as â€Å"Spanish† as it does  to refer to all English speakers as â€Å"English.† Colored Is Outdated but Continues to Pop up Today Think only octogenarians use terms such as â€Å"colored† to describe  African Americans? Think again. When  Barack Obama  was elected president in November 2008, actress  Lindsay Lohan  expressed her happiness about the event by  remarking  to â€Å"Access Hollywood,† â€Å"It’s an amazing feeling. It’s our first, you know, colored president.† And Lohan’s not the only young person in the public eye to use the term. Julie Stoffer, one of the houseguests featured on MTV’s â€Å"The Real World: New Orleans,† also raised eyebrows when she  referred  to African Americans as â€Å"colored.† More recently,  Jesse James  alleged mistress Michelle Bombshell McGee sought to defuse rumors that shes a white supremacist by  remarking, I make a horrible racist Nazi. I have too many colored friends. What’s to explain for these gaffes? For one thing, â€Å"colored† is a term that never completely exited American society. One of the most prominent advocacy groups for African Americans uses the term in its name- the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. There’s also the popularity of the more modern (and appropriate) term â€Å"people of color.† Some people may think it’s okay to simply shorten that phrase to â€Å"colored,† but they’re mistaken. Like â€Å"Oriental,† â€Å"colored† harkens back to an era of exclusion, a time when  Jim Crow  was in full force, and blacks used water fountains marked â€Å"colored† and sat in the â€Å"colored† sections of buses, beaches, and restaurants. In short, the term stirs up painful memories. Today, the terms â€Å"African American† and â€Å"black† are the most acceptable to use when describing individuals of African descent. Still, some of these individuals may prefer â€Å"black† over â€Å"African American† and vice versa. â€Å"African American† is considered more formal than â€Å"black,† so if you’re in a professional setting, err on the side of caution and use the former. Of course, you can also ask the individuals in question which term they prefer. You may also encounter immigrants of African descent who wish to be recognized by their homelands. As a result, they prefer to be called Haitian-American, Jamaican-American, Belizean, Trinidadian, Ugandan or Ghanaian-American, rather than simply â€Å"black.† In fact, for the 2010 Census, there was a  movement  to have  black immigrants  write in their countries of origin rather than be known collectively as â€Å"African American.† Mulatto Is a Don’t Mulatto arguably has the ugliest roots of the antiquated terms on this list. Historically used to describe the child of a black person and a white person, the term reportedly originates from the Spanish word â€Å"mulato,† which, in turn, originates from the word â€Å"mula,† or mule- the offspring of a horse and a donkey. Clearly, this term is offensive, as it compares the union of human beings to that of animals. Although the word is outdated and offensive, people still use it from time to time. Some biracial people use the term to describe themselves and others, such as author Thomas Chatterton Williams, who used it to  describe  President Obama  and rap star Drake, both of whom, like Williams, have white mothers and  black fathers. While some biracial people don’t object to the term, others balk at its use. Due to the word’s troublesome origins, refrain from using this term in any situation, with one exception:  When discussing opposition to interracial unions in early America, academics and cultural critics often refer to the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"tragic mulatto myth.†Ã‚   This myth characterizes mixed-race people as destined to live unfulfilling lives in which they fit into neither black nor white society. When speaking about this myth, those who still buy into it or the period when the myth arose, people may use the term â€Å"tragic mulatto.† But the term â€Å"mulatto† should never be used in casual conversation to describe a  biracial person. Terms such as biracial, multiracial, multiethnic or mixed are usually deemed non-offensive, with â€Å"mixed† being the most colloquial word on the list. Sometimes people use the terms â€Å"half-black† or â€Å"half-white† to describe mixed-race individuals. But some biracial people take issue with this because they believe these terms suggest that their heritage can be literally split down the middle like a pie chart when they view their ancestry as completely fused. So, as always, ask people what they wish to be called or listen to what they call themselves.

Top Tips for Acing a Teacher Interview

Top Tips for Acing a Teacher Interview Youve put in the time and have done the work, now you are rewarded with your first teacher interview. In order to make it a successful one, you will need to prepare for it. Heres how to ace your interview, including tips on researching the school district, perfecting your portfolio, answering questions, and interview attire. Researching the School District As soon as you land an interview, your first step should be to research the school district. Go to the district website and gather all of the information that you can. You will need to be prepared if the employer asks you, What do you think of our building-based intervention teams? or What can you tell me about our Dignity of Students Act (DASA)? Each school district has specific programs that they implement in their schools, and its your job to be prepared and learn all about them. If at some point in the interview the prospective employer asks you if you have any questions, this would be a great time to ask a question regarding the districts specific programs (not to mention it will help you make a great impression). Perfecting Your Portfolio Your teaching portfolio is the best tangible evidence of your accomplishments and showcases all of your skills and experience. Every teacher is required to create a portfolio during their college courses. The reason for this is to provide prospective employers with a hands-on collection of your best examples of work. This is a way to introduce yourself beyond a resume, and showcase what youve learned throughout your education and career. For the best way to utilize your portfolio during an interview, use the following tips. How to Best Utilize Your Portfolio in an Interview Familiarize yourself with it. Get to know your portfolio like the back of your hand. If the interviewer asks you a question, you want to be able to turn to a page quickly in order to give them the best tangible evidence for your answer.Dont Overuse it. Use your portfolio sparingly. If the interviewer asks you a question, and you think it will complement your answer, then use it. Try not to pull it out for every question you get asked.Leave it out. Once you use your portfolio and take out artifacts, leave them out. It will be very distracting if you start rummaging through the papers. For additional tips on using your portfolio and to learn about the must-have items to include, read Perfecting Your Portfolio. Interview Questions Answers The main portion of your interview will be answering specific questions about yourself and teaching. Every interviewer is different, and you will never know the exact questions they will be asking you. But, you can prepare by familiarizing yourself with the most commonly asked questions, and practicing how you will respond to them. Example Question About Yourself Question: What is your greatest weakness? (Your best option to answer this question is to turn your weakness into a strength.) Answer: My biggest weakness is that I am detailed orientated. I tend to over plan and get things done ahead of time. Example Question About Teaching Question: What is your teaching philosophy? (Your teaching philosophy is your reflection of your classroom experience, your teaching style, your beliefs about learning.) Answer: My teaching philosophy is every child should have the right to learn and get a quality education. Every child that enters my classroom should feel safe and comfortable. It would be a nurturing and enriching environment. I believe that a teacher should be aware of their students emotional, social, psychological and physical development as well as their cognitive growth. A teacher should view parents and the community as partners in the educational progress. Individualized instruction is an integral strategy to aid children with different preferences. In order to meet all students needs, I will incorporate a variety of approaches, such as the multiple intelligence theory and the use of cooperative learning strategies. I will provide an environment where students will use self-discovery and a hands-on approach to learning. Interview Attire How you dress for an interview is just as important as your credentials, and the answers you give to the questions they ask you. The first impression a potential employer gets of you is an extremely important one. According to the Transportation of Logistics Society, 55 percent of another persons perception of you is based on how you look. Dress for success should be your motto when youre thinking about what you should wear to an interview. Although teachers tend to dress a bit more casually lately, it is essential that you showcase your best look for an interview. Womens Interview Attire Solid color pant or skirt suitProfessional hairManicured nailsConservative shoesSparse makeup Mens Interview Attire Solid color pantsuitConservative tiePlain color dress shirtProfessional shoesProfessional hairstyle

Insanity vs Psychosis in a legal concept Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Insanity vs Psychosis in a legal concept - Essay Example Psychosis can also be associated with heavy drug abuse and drug use (Hirstein, 2009). Insanity on the other hand generally refers to the broad range of abnormal behavior and instability thereby making people think of it as closely linked or related to psychosis. Just as in psychosis, insanity is perceived as mental instability that makes people see things that are not real, and makes them think, behave, believe and act differently which manifest in behaviors that violates widely held social norms. These acts can collectively lead to endangering ones and others lives or may lead to one committing an unintended or accidental crime (Ewing & C. 2008). These two aspects, psychosis and insanity, hence are very essential when it comes to defining legal concepts and practice. This is so because over the past several criminal cases have been witnessed where the accused were seemingly driven to commit crimes due to their mental conditions, while others defend their criminal actions by claiming they were not in their rightful state of mind. This has consequences, through the practice of law over time, brought about what is known as the â€Å"Insanity Defense Law† which extensively connects psychiatry and law. The Insanity Defense Law, used by criminal defenders or lawyers, is based on the provisions that a defendant must be found not guilty by reason of insanity if, at the time of the alleged offense, and as a result of severe mental disease or defect, he/she did not know what he/she was doing, or that what he was doing was wrong (Ewing, 2008). This in the Law system therefore means that there are criminals who can’t be held accountable for their crimes due to mental disease, or a mental condition that makes one unable to make a rational decision at the time of the crime. It is however important to note that for this law to be applicable the defendant must be in a competent position to stand in a trial. In cases where the accused is incompetent, he/she is se nt to a mental institution until considered able of participating in the trial. Additionally those who are considered completely insane are sent into an asylum prison in order to prevent danger of harming oneself or others (Hirstein, 2009). From these proponents, the exercise of â€Å"Insanity Defense Law† sometimes makes it difficult to distinguish between psychosis and insanity in a legal concept. In some cases for instance, varying from state to state on how the Law is practiced, if the legal tests proves that the accused is generally insane, the final ruling will be based on specifically that and not whether it was due to temporary psychosis as a health condition or permanent insanity (permanent psychotic mental disorder). Temporary psychosis as a health condition might be caused by sudden mental illness such as brain tumor and use of drugs that in turn may impair mental functions while permanent insanity or psychotic mental disorder is caused with a permanent mental illn ess that cannot be treated easily such as schizophrenia. The provisions of the law insist that defendants established to have committed the crime while in temporary psychos

Case study Bacterium Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bacterium - Case Study Example Her immediate history of visiting to the wilds and then generating a circular rash with a dim center in the form of a bulls eye is an indication of Lyme disease (Mayo Clinic, 2012). Answer - Symptoms in Lyme disease are common to many other conditions such as joint disorders, viral infections, fibromyalgia, and chronic fatigue syndrome. The ticks are responsible of spreading not only Lyme disease but can spread other diseases as well. Usually, it is identified with a characteristic rash on the body. Past medical history is used to correlate with likely possibility of Lyme disease. In order to confirm the diagnosis of this disease, physician prescribes lab tests so that antibodies to the bacteria may ascertain the disease. Body takes time to develop antibodies hence lab tests are suitable only after a few weeks of an infection (Monroe, 2001). The Elisa test is used to detect Lyme disease. The test identifies antibodies to B. burgdorferi; however, it may provide false positive results too so it is not a sole basis for diagnosis (Maryland Medical Center 2011). Answer - A bulls eye rash is the most discerning sign of Lyme disease infection. The rash usually takes time of 2 weeks to develop after the tick bite. Fever, joint pains, fatigue and chills accompany the rash. There are other diseases with matching symptoms. Ruling out other Tick-Borne infections is necessary to diagnose Lyme disease. Other infections cause similar symptoms such as fever, fatigue, muscle ache and some neurologic features similar to symptoms found in Lyme disease. The most salient feature in the Lyme disease is a rash typically known as Bulls eye rash. Other tick-borne infection known as human monocyte ehrlichiosis (HME) develops similar rash as found in Lyme disease but that has been identified mostly in southern parts of US (Maryland Medical Center 2011). Answer - Lyme disease during all phases is treated by antibiotics. According to the

Amelia Earhart Essays -- essays research papers

Perhaps no name is as symbolic of aerospace achievement as the American aviator Amelia Earhart. She became the first woman to cross the Atlantic Ocean by air and the first woman to fly across the Atlantic Ocean alone. She was also the first woman to receive the Distinguished Flying Cross. Her accomplishments as a pilot set standards for all fliers for years to come.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Amelia Mary Earhart was born in Atchison, Kansas, on July 24, 1897. She referred to herself as â€Å"AE†. She served during World War I as a military nurse in Canada, where she developed an interest in flying. She pursued her interest in flying in California, where she received her pilot’s license in 1922. After receiving her pilot’s license, Amelia spent several years as a teacher and social worker at Dennison House, in Boston. While she was doing this she continued her association with aviation by entering numerous flying meets.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Amelia became obsessed with flying. She spent a lot of solo flying time in The Canary. She set a women’s altitude record in October 1922 by flying The Canary to 14,000 feet. Ruth Nichols broke the record a few weeks later, but the effort is what started Earhart’s fame.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1928, Earhart was asked to join Wilmer Stultz, a pilot, and Lou Gordon, a flight mechanic, as a passenger on a trans-Atlantic flight, called The Friendship. The flight went from Trepassy Bay, Newfoundland, to Burry Port, Wales a distan...

Public Communication Essay

Unlike many of the other writing assignments done thus far, this paper will be providing brief synopses for several essays on issues involved with the study of public management. Although it might be possible to state that the ideas and theories presented in these texts are either true or false, it will be the goal of this writing to take the simple approach and focus on the thoughts that are presented are still relevant in modern practice of public management. However, it is first important to point out that even today there is no aggregated view for weighing or measuring the success of public managers. This is because in part due to the various ways in which the agencies manage themselves, for example whether or not they chose to follow national performance review (NRP) response or a total quality management (TQM) method. Another problem is that often times today a management policy that has been set up and successfully tested for the private sector is either grafted to the, or imposed over the management policies of a public enterprise. The issue that this brings up is that, depending on the agency, that there is no clear idea on who the ‘customers’ are, nor what ‘product’ is that the public agency is trying to appease. Meanwhile, the management theories that are being imposed on to them, are based on a quantifiable examination as to rather they are successful or not. Simply put, there is no easy or standard way for researchers of the field of public administration to be able to clearly differentiate between the successful management styles of one public administrator to another. In fact, researching this problem is the very thing that our first author is calling for in his essay. Graham T. Allison attempts with his article, â€Å"Public and Private Management: Are They Fundamentally Alike in All Unimportant Respects? † to both collective and summarize the prevailing ideas on public management at the time (1979). In addition, he highlights several areas in which the academic thinkers were struggling with and arguing over. Allison point out everything from the similarities of â€Å"How are Public and Private Management Alike? ,† to charting out the functions of general management, and to the ‘current’ research being done to answer several questions that these topics have been brought up since Woodrow Wilson now canonized first article on the subject (1979,p 397) (1887). Allison’s call for research in this field is still greatly needed and sought after today as we shift from one management style to another, seemingly distinctive, in today’s public agencies. One example of the reason that this research is needed can be found in comparing the resent style swing to the NPR, from the more ‘traditional’ management style outlines in Louis Brownlow, Charles E. Merriam, and Luther Gulick essay, â€Å"Report of the President’s Committee on Administrative Management† (1937). In their essay, they were working under the assumption that the management side of public administration could be, and was, separate from the political decisions and policies that directs the public service sector. Under this assumption, they crusaded for more power and control over the public management process, on the behave of the executive branch. Some of their ideas included allowing the president to hire powerless, sector concentrated, secretaries that would assist the president with gather necessary information from the public bureaus under their area of concern and to pass back the decisions that the president makes back to the effected agencies. These authors go on further to state that all major decisions on the functions of personnel, fiscal, organizational, and planning management should be given directly to the sole control of the president (1937, p 94). The first problem is that fiscal management falls under the authority of the congressional branch of government. In addition, with the shifting towards NPR, and other acts of congress, we see congress taking a greater role in the personnel management of public administration. The biggest fallacy in this article is the assumption, that the management of public departments is separated from the politics and decisions that are made in Washington. In fact, everything about the various departments falls under the control of the very people who the authors are trying to separate them from. Now with a slight deviation from the previous topics on public management, let us take a look at the trend in public administration that involves the movement of bringing traditionally public sector jobs into the private sector. The Privatization Movement, once simply a group of scholarly outsiders, has come of age† (1987, p 469). Our look into privatization will be through the work done by, Ronald C. Moe and his essay, â€Å"Exploring the Limits of Privatization† (1987). Moe’s essay explores several cases like McCulloch v. Maryland, Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), and the entities like ‘Freddie Mac’ that fall under the Federal Home Bank Board, to point out the various issues that are involved with the privatization of public offices. While the issues range rom the organizational and budgeting management, to the legal and authority problems that these privatized companies face, Ronald Moe hones in on the latter two issues as to the reasons why privatization will not work with the public sector. The government of the United States has the right, as a sovereign power, to impose taxes, fines, and laws on its citizens. The issue that Moe in concern with is does this, and should this sovereignty be passed along to a governmental contracted company that does not necessarily fall directly under the direct control of the government? Moe listed several attributes that are inherent to a sovereign government to help his claim; these, summarized attributes are, sovereign possesses the legitimate right to use coercion to enforce its will, â€Å"only a sovereign may legitimately go to war with another sovereign,† â€Å"sovereigns can do no wrong,† â€Å"a sovereign is indivisible. A sovereign cannot assign its attributes to a private party and remain a sovereign,† a sovereign has the right to set forth rules for the protection and transfer of property, and finally a sovereign can disavow but not go bankrupt with its debts. (1987, pp 473 – 474). The turn of the century fall of ‘Freddie Mac’ and other banks and the subsequent ‘bail-out† of these privatized firms would be an example of a major problem with the concept of privatization of a public sector firm. Are these banks private property and therefore fall under the state and federal rules for bankruptcy? or are do they belong to the public sector and fall under the attribute that protects the government from going bankrupt? Moe correctly claims that by not specifying where this very fine line fells leads to the kinds of corruption and miss-appropriation of public funds that we saw with the resent collapse of the housing market. Finally, he calls for a review to be done on identifying the differences between the private sector and the public sector firms before contracting our government duties to a private interest. However, this involves assigning some sort of value to the how the public service works, which is the topic of the next article. In his essay, â€Å"Creating Public Value: Strategic Management in Government† Mark H. Moore discusses the problems in nailing down a single method of measuring the output of public managers and their agencies (1995). One of these problems is as simple as the fact that public agencies are involved in not one public program, but instead they are usually involved in several different programs that may or may not intersect with one another. This being the case, than why not just take the average? Because these programs, like the money that is used to fund them, are designed and supplied by not the managers themselves, like you would see in a private venture, but rather, these things are handed to them by the political process and the managers are there simply to see that the job gets done. In the private sector, one can use the financial success of a firm to determine if the manager for that firm is successful or not. For example, if their product has value to it than the customer will buy it and the company will show a profit (1995, p 549). However, since the ‘customers’ of many of the public agency are either compelled to use, and/or they do not pay for the service at the time of use, than this type of assessment is not a valid way to judge the value of the public management styles, nor are they very useful for analyzing the programs themselves. According to Moore, often what is done is that some type of cost-benefit analyses is done either before and/or after the program is started and this information is then compared to a similar service in the private sector to determine the effectiveness of the management style. The two problems with this approach is that, first it only show the effect that the program that the political leadership has implemented and not that of the management itself, and second that comparing an often vague value system to a very finite one is not easy task. An analogy of this problem would be in using data from a 30 meter image and then merging the information with the visual effect of a 1 meter image. One might be able to get the information into the smaller image, but so much of the data is skewed and lost that it becomes worthless for any kind of analyses. The same thing happens with the data from this type of public sector analyses. You do not just get the effect of just the manager on the project; you also get the public officials that draft the project, the reaction by the public to the project, and the result of the project into one aggregated value set. This set of values is simply too diluted to be useful as a measurement against the values from the private sector. Instead, Moore suggests that research in a cost-effectiveness approach may be a solution to this problem (1995, p 553). All of these essays end up with the same major issue concerning measuring the successful public management style, from one that is not successful. In one form or another both Moore and Moe have called for research in finding some standard in analyzing the public sector. In any analysis standard, the effects that politics has in its creation cannot be ignored. If as Woodrow Wilson claim is true, and the goal of these public administrators is to find the most cost-effective and the most efficient method to implement the political oriented policies; then why not come up with a measurement on the efficiency and cost-effectiveness to be used for passing judgment on them?

The Adaptive Value Of Religious Ritual - 1528 Words

Religion is the belief and rituals that are used to understand human existence and the flaws of our world, with the belief in a supernatural relationship and its forces. It has been found that for over 100,000 years people have been practicing some form of religion, which means it has really stood the test of time regardless of any pain or discomfort that may be inflicted during rituals, or even without a true proof of religion (p. 112). According to the article, â€Å"The Adaptive Value of Religious Ritual,† the main adaptive benefit of religion is that the people truly believe in the outcome of the rituals, which gives reason for maintaining faith. Religion also gives a culture a reason for cooperation and rituals shows that an individual is committed to the group. So, the pain or discomfort that someone may experience for a religion, acts as a way of proving and communicating to others that what they believe in is worth being committed to and shows that they have the certai n qualities that the other group members also have. This provides trust and assigns expected behaviors to a group. The author of the article found that religious communes and kibbutzim have a longer survival rate than secular ones. This is due to the fact that they require cooperation to survive, so the members are more likely to do their part and have more responsibilities overall. The more the commune demanded, the higher the chance of survival and a greater belief in the group s ideals. In addition,Show MoreRelatedBiological, Cognitive, And Social Cultural Influences On Grief1275 Words   |  6 Pagesmaking it universal. Preforming rituals bring meaning to our lives in very delicate, yet thoughtful ways. Examples such as putting a hand over your heart when a flag goes by in a parade, kissing your loved one good night, attending a weekly religious service, or simply walking to the store to buy the newspaper, just like your dad did with you. Rituals that have been passed on to us by our ancestors help us feel grounded and in the case of grieving, gives us closure. Rituals go as far as to been witnessedRead MoreA Review of Michael Harts Seeking Mino-Pimatisiwin: An Aboriginal Approach to Healing1724 Words   |  7 PagesEuro-centric ideals, not only in determining which behaviors are adaptive and maladaptive, but also in what approach therapists should take to encourage behavior change in people. Unfortunately, this approach can be, not only isolating for many Aboriginal people, but actually harmful for them. By labeling adaptive behaviors as somehow wrong or maladaptive, traditional social work approaches stigmatize Aboriginal people. 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